What technology allows connectivity over thousands of miles using ground stations equipped with satellite dishes?

The technology that allows connectivity over thousands of miles using ground stations equipped with satellite dishes is satellite networks. These networks utilize satellites in orbit around the Earth to relay signals between ground stations and provide internet or communications services over vast distances.

Satellite networks operate by sending signals from a ground-based dish to a satellite in space, which then beams the signal back down to a different ground station. This technology is particularly useful in areas where traditional wired infrastructure is lacking or impractical, such as rural or remote locations. Furthermore, satellite networks can provide global coverage, making them invaluable for communication in emergency situations or in regions without other forms of connectivity.

In contrast, Wi-Fi (or 802.11) technology is primarily designed for short-range communication within a local area, such as a home or office environment, and cannot cover thousands of miles. Microwave-based fixed wireless networks work well for medium-range communication by using terrestrial microwave links but are limited in their distance capabilities compared to satellites. Cellular-based fixed wireless networks also have certain range limitations, generally depending on cell tower placement and the density of infrastructure. Thus, satellite networks uniquely excel in providing widespread connectivity over long distances.